© 2004 European Society of Cardiology
Does angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism affect blood pressure? Findings after 6 years of follow-up in healthy subjects
a Division of Cardiology ‘Paolo Borsellino’, G.F. Ingrassia Hospital, Via Val Platani 3, 90144 Palermo, Italy
b Department of Emergency Medicine University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +39-91-7033742. E-mail address: lehdi{at}tin.it
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Abstract |
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Background: There has been an increase in research into the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene deletion polymorphism and cardiovascular disease, with conflicting results. The present prospective long-term study was conducted to evaluate whether the DD genotype could also be associated with a higher prevalence of hypertension in healthy subjects, over 6 years of follow-up.
Methods: Population: 684 healthy volunteers (aged, 25–55 years): normotensive and free of cardiovascular diseases, with acceptable echocardiographic window. All subjects had to have a normal electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiogram (ECHO) at entry.
Study protocol: All subjects underwent a complete physical examination, 12-lead ECG and ECHO, and venous blood samples were drawn for DNA analysis and cholesterol. All subjects had a clinical evaluation each year for the 6 year duration of the study.
Results: All 684 subjects completed 6 years of follow-up. We identified three genetically distinct groups. The ACE-DD group (n=225, 80F/145M, mean age 43.4±7.6 years) had 42 hypertensive subjects (18.3%), 5 heart failure (HF) subjects and 6 subjects with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). There was no association between family history, smoking habit, hypercholesterolemia and events. The ACE-ID group (n=335, 116F/219M, mean age 43.6±7 years) had 16 hypertensive subjects (4.7%) and 3 subjects with ACS. The ACE-II group (n=124, 45F/79M, mean age 42.5±6.9 years) had 2 hypertensive subjects (1.6%) and 1 HF subject. The incidence of hypertension and cardiovascular events was significantly higher in the ACE-DD group (53 cases, 23%) than in the ACE-ID and ACE-II groups (20 and 3 cases, 5.9 and 2.4%, respectively), P=0.0001. The higher incidence of hypertension was observed in the older age groups (36–45 and 46–55 years) with ACE-DD and ACE-ID genotypes.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that ACE-DD polymorphism is associated with a higher incidence of hypertension in baseline healthy subjects, irrespective of other risk factors. The higher incidence of hypertension was apparent predominantly in the older age groups.
Key Words: ACE-I/D gene polymorphism • Healthy subjects • Hypertension
Received June 27, 2003; Revised July 8, 2003; Accepted July 8, 2003
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