© 2008 European Society of Cardiology
ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008
The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM)
Norway
France
Greece
UK
Poland
UK
Sweden
The Netherlands
Norway
The Netherlands
Israel
France
Finland
Italy
Sweden
* Corresponding author. Chairperson: Kenneth Dickstein, University of Bergen, Cardiology Division, Stavanger University Hospital, N-4011 Stavanger, Norway. Tel.: +47 51519453; fax: +47 51 519921. E-mail address: kenneth.dickstein@med.uib.no
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Preamble |
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Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents summarize and evaluate all currently available evidence on a particular issue with the aim of assisting physicians and other healthcare providers in selecting the best management strategies for a typical patient, suffering from a given condition, taking into account the impact on outcome, as well as the risk-benefit ratio of particular diagnostic or therapeutic means. Guidelines are no substitutes for textbooks. The legal implications of medical guidelines have been discussed previously.
A great number of Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents have been issued in recent years by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) as well as by other societies and organizations. Because of the impact on clinical practice, quality criteria for development of guidelines have been established in order to make all decisions transparent to the user. The recommendations for formulating and issuing ESC Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents can be found on the ESC
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Introduction |
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Definition and diagnosis |
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Descriptive terms in heart failure |
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Epidemiology |
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Aetiology of heart failure |
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Diagnosis of heart failure |
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Diagnostic techniques |
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Echocardiography |
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Additional non-invasive imaging tests |
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Non-pharmacological management |
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) |
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β-Blockers |
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Aldosterone antagonists |
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Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) |
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Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate (H-ISDN) |
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Diuretics (Table 21) |
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Other drugs used to treat cardiovascular co-morbidity in patients with heart failure |
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Antiplatelet agents |
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HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (‘statins’) |
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Management of patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFPEF) |
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Devices and surgery |
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Evaluation for coronary artery disease in heart failure patients with unknown coronary artery status |
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Detection of viable myocardium |
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Valvular surgery |
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Aortic valve surgery |
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Mitral valve surgery |
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Pacemakers |
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Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) (Table 23) |
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Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) (Table 23) |
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Heart transplantation, ventricular assist devices, and artificial hearts |
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Heart transplantation
Left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) and artificial hearts
Ultrafiltration
Arrhythmias in heart failure
Atrial fibrillation (Table 24)
Ventricular arrhythmias
Co-morbidities and special populations
Arterial hypertension (Table 25)
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Key points
Management of DM in patients with HF
Renal dysfunction
Key points
Management of heart failure patients with renal dysfunction
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Anaemia
Cachexia
Gout
Adults with congenital heart disease
The elderly
Acute heart failure
Clinical classification
Prognosis
Diagnosis of acute heart failure
Initial evaluation
Instrumentation and monitoring of patients in acute heart failure
Organization of acute heart failure treatment
Management
Implementation and delivery of care
Heart failure management programmes
Palliative care for patients with heart failure
Gaps in evidence
Diagnosis and co-morbidity
Non-pharmacological, non-interventional therapy
Pharmacological therapy
Intervention
Devices
Arrhythmias
Acute heart failure
Implementation
Glossary
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