© 2005 European Society of Cardiology
Exploring symptoms in chronic heart failure
Department of Nursing, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University Box 457, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Cardiology University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
Department of Cardiology Sahlgrenska University hospital/Sahlgrenska, Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Medicine Sahlgrenska University hospital/Östra, Göteborg, Sweden
Corresponding author. Fax: +46317736050E-mail address: inger.ekman{at}fhs.gu.se
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Abstract |
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Symptoms in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) are the cry for help, reflecting not only the physical aspects of the disease but the impact on lifestyle, anxiety, depression and expectations of the patient. Studies consistently show a difference in patients' self-assessed functional classification compared to investigator reported NYHA classification. Moreover, patient self-assessed symptoms have recently been shown to independently predict hospitalisation and mortality over 5 years. Recognition of symptoms and appreciation of their importance justifies the use of a structured assessment in order to provide optimal medical care for patients with CHF. A model of how to structure symptom assessment equally with signs is presented in this paper.
Key Words: Symptoms • Signs • Heart failure • NYHA • Adherence
Received July 3, 2005; Revised July 7, 2005; Accepted July 7, 2005
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