© 2001 European Society of Cardiology
A glossary of circulating cytokines in chronic heart failure
Second Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center Athens, Greece
* Corresponding author. Zinonos 9, Halandri, 15234, Athens, Greece. Tel.: +30-16848463; fax: +30-19493373. E-mail address: elbee{at}ath.forthnet.gr (S. Adamopoulos)
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Abstract |
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Recent studies have emphasized the importance of biologically active molecules, termed cytokines, in the development and progression of the syndrome of chronic heart failure. This article summarizes a glossary of major cytokines and other cytokine-related inflammatory factors implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic heart failure, describing the source of their synthesis and factors regulating their secretion and analyzing their biologic effects on the cardiovascular system.
Key Words: Chronic heart failure • Cytokines • Inflammatory factors • Immune activation
Received December 14, 2000; Revised April 11, 2001; Accepted April 26, 2001
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