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European Journal of Heart Failure Advance Access originally published online on January 29, 2009
European Journal of Heart Failure 2009 11(4):400-405; doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp002
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Published on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. © The Author 2009. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org.

Patient-rated changes in fatigue over a 12-month period predict poor outcome in chronic heart failure

Otto R.F. Smith1, Johan Denollet1,*, Angélique A. Schiffer1,2, Nina Kupper1 and Yori Gidron3

1 Department of Medical Psychology, CoRPS—Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Tilburg University, PO Box 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands
2 Department of Medical Psychology, Twee Steden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
3 Brunel, London, UK

* Corresponding author. Tel: +31 13 466 2390, Fax: +31 13 466 2067, Email: denollet{at}uvt.nl


  Abstract

Aims: Little is known about the factors that are associated with changes in fatigue in chronic heart failure (CHF). Moreover, it is unclear whether these changes have prognostic impact. The aim of this study was to examine these issues.

Methods and results: Three hundred and eighty-seven CHF patients were assessed twice (at baseline and at 12-month follow-up) for exertion and general fatigue. Regression models were developed to assess whether baseline characteristics predicted changes in fatigue and to assess the effect of changes in fatigue on cardiac events occurring beyond 12-months of follow-up. An increase in exertion fatigue over a 12-month period was predicted by higher left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0.02) and cognitive-affective depressive symptoms (P = 0.03) at baseline, and not having a biventricular pacemaker shortly after baseline (P = 0.02), whereas an increase in general fatigue was only predicted by cognitive-affective depressive symptoms (P = 0.002). One hundred and forty-three patients (37%) experienced an event (readmitted, 117; death, 26). An increase in exertion fatigue was associated with a near two-fold increased risk of events beyond 12-months of follow-up (hazard ratio = 1.78; 95% confidence interval 1.18–2.68, P = 0.006), while controlling for standard cardiac risk factors.

Conclusion: Baseline clinical and psychosocial factors predicted changes in fatigue. Increased exertion fatigue independently predicted an increased risk of cardiac re-admission or death.

Key Words: Fatigue • Chronic heart failure • Re-admission • Prognosis

Received July 25, 2008; Revised November 9, 2008; Accepted December 7, 2008


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